Hazard cleaning, also known as hazardous cleaning, refers to the process of removing potentially harmful substances like chemicals, biological materials, or other toxic contaminants from a site, requiring specialized training, protective equipment, and strict safety protocols to protect both the cleaner and the environment during the cleanup process; it involves identifying the hazard, properly containing it, using appropriate cleaning agents, and disposing of waste safely.

Odor removal, also called deodorization, involves eliminating unpleasant smells by either physically absorbing odor molecules using materials like baking soda or activated carbon, or chemically neutralizing them with compounds like vinegar or enzymatic cleaners, which break down the source of the odor at its molecular level; the key is to identify the source of the smell, ventilate the area, and thoroughly clean the affected surface to achieve complete odor removal.

Odor encapsulation is a process where a specially formulated substance binds to and traps odor molecules, effectively neutralizing them by physically enclosing them, preventing them from escaping into the air and causing a smell; essentially, it "encapsulates" the odor, eliminating its perception without necessarily breaking down the odor-causing molecules themselves, often used in cleaning products for removing stubborn odors from surfaces like carpets, upholstery, or fire-damaged areas.